Nature may be a resource for modernity, for example, or be seen as a last refuge for authentic living, to be preserved at all costs. Humans themselves may be seen as inherently cooperative and social, or as self-interested and cruel. How we frame and understand nature affects our collective life usually. All politics is, to some extent, the politics of nature. Share this post. Well researched and interesting Visit the course. Great course, interesting topics Great course, interesting topics!
Propoganda and Ideology 09 Sep, Very well structured and presented. Highly recommended. It was well designed and present It was eye opening for me to attend this training. I love Future learn. Very interesting coursr 22 Jul, This course was excellent both in Course material and the comments of other participants. Really Good Course 14 Mar, Propaganda and Ideology in Every It was very interesting and 28 Mar, It was very interesting and gave me a new perspective.
Great and value course 18 Mar, In this film Maiken and Mat explore different uses of Nature in propaganda and ideology, from Italian Fascism to contemporary environmentalism. Want to keep learning? This content is taken from The University of Nottingham online course,. I'm excited to find out what people are studying, and sharing our amazing resources. The University of Nottingham is committed to providing a truly international education, inspiring students with world-leading research and benefitting communities all around the world.
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Recent Posts How does the past explain the present? Other students in the experiment found, in contrast, they were terrible at the task. Of course—all of the experimental scores were fictions.
These deceptions were revealed in what turned out to be the second phase of the experiment. In part two the students were asked how they should rate their responses. This was another deception. When the students were asked to guess the number of suicide notes they had gotten correct, the students in the original high score group believed that they had done very well; meanwhile the low-score group believed that they had done worse than the other students.
The students drew these conclusions even after they were told the truth despite the fact that the entire experiment was a deception and that no group had estimated more successfully than the other. The students tended to accept the false results. The Stanford studies became famous. Literally thousands of such experimental studies over time confirmed similar results.
In our times, and because of the notion that we are navigating a post-fact, post-truth environment, this understanding is all the more significant. Even so, like the definition of Political Power—the real question is why? How and why do people act this way? Political Power is understood to be generated by human relationships. These human relationships are built upon perceptions about Motives and Resources Burns, People assess the motives and resources of one another—and followers choose to follow leaders based on perceptions.
Propaganda seeks to shape and manipulate human perceptions. The actual factors that are most central to fomenting political power are also naturally embedded in propaganda.
The development of propaganda as a tool was certainly no accident. Reason [as we understand the human trait] likely evolved in human beings and human communities living in the African savannah.
In her book The Sixth Extinction , Kolbert carefully identified the one trait in human beings that allowed humanity to work and hunt cooperatively. This trait—related to the construction of our mouths and tongues--is the ability to communicate. The primary factor of human success and our ability to compete over other animals and species is this cooperative behavior.
Cooperation is difficult to establish and almost as difficult to sustain. To illustrate this point, Kolbert uses the concept of confirmation bias. Confirmation bias refers to the tendency that people have to accept beliefs that support their preexisting beliefs and to reject any and all new information that comes into conflict with said beliefs. Stanford University again has provided the research which repeatedly confirms the concept.
A classic Stanford study conducted by C. Lord, Lee Ross and Mark Lepper in dealt with capital punishment. A group of students were gathered among whom half supported the death penalty while the other half did not. The students were shown two studies. One study provided data to support the deterrence argument—that capital punishment deters crime and murder; the other study provided data that called deterrence into question.
As you might guess, the students who supported capital punishment thought the pro-deterrence data were credible. The students who originally opposed capital punishment, viewed the anti-deterrence data as credible. In fact—students who began the study pro-capital punishment were more in favor of the death penalty than prior to the experiment.
Those who opposed death penalties also became more fervent in opposition, Lord, Ross and Lepper, The answer was Confirmation bias. As Human individuals, being free riders is frequently a positive choice—getting anything we can with as little invested is basically rational for the individual. The problem is that free rider behavior in groups is a catastrophe. Because human beings must live in groups to survive, the hyper-social qualities began to be selected in our evolution.
Over the expanse of time human communities selected for hyper-social qualities. One would think that Confirmation bias—or only agreeing with what my group believes, or what I have always believed in the face of facts to the contrary—should be dangerous.
After all, adaptation in response to new data would generally be wise—unless not doing so performed some adaptive function. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Random House Inc. New York: Random House. Ball, Molly. Davidson, Cathy, N. Now You See It. Middlesex: Penguin Books. Firestein, Stuart. Ignorance: How It Drives Science. New York: Oxford University Press. Gorman, Sara E. The Federalist. Gideon Edition.
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