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Stanford University. Die Luft der Freiheit weht. United States. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stanford University. Retrieved San Francisco Chronicle. Sophia Smith Collection.
Hoover's express purpose was to collect the records of contemporary history as it was happening. Hoover's helpers frequently risked their lives to rescue documentary and rare printed material, especially from countries under Nazi or Communist rule. Their many successes included the papers of Rosa Luxemburg, the Goebbels diaries, and the records of the Russian secret police in Paris.
Research institutes were also set up under Hoover's influence, though inevitably there were to be clashes between the moving force, Hoover, and the host university. In , W.
Glenn Campbell was appointed director and substantial budget increases soon led to corresponding increases in acquisitions and related research projects. Despite student unrest in the s, the institution continued to thrive and develop closer relations with Stanford. In particular, the Chinese and Russian collections grew considerably. From the s forward the Hoover Institution itself evolved into a conservative think tank, functioning independently from the library and archive.
It continues as an integral component of the University. The biological sciences department evolved rapidly from to as its research focus changed, due to the Cold War and other historically significant conditions external to academia. Stanford science went through three phases of experimental direction during that time. In the early s the department remained fixed in the classical independent and self-directed research mode, shunning interdisciplinary collaboration and excessive government funding.
Between the s and mids biological research shifted focus to the molecular level. Then, from the late s onward, Stanford's goal became applying research and findings toward humanistic ends. Each phase was preempted by larger social issues, such as the escalation of the Cold War, the launch of Sputnik, and public concern over medical abuses. A powerful sense of regional solidarity accompanied the rise of Silicon Valley.
From the s, the university's leaders saw its mission as service to the West and shaped the school accordingly. At the same time, the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled booster-like attempts to build self-sufficient indigenous local industry. Thus, regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of the area's high-tech firms for the first fifty years of Silicon Valley's development. The distinctive regional ethos of the West during the first half of the 20th century is an ingredient of Silicon Valley's already prepared environment, an ingredient that would-be replicators ignore at their peril.
During the s and s, Frederick Terman, as dean of engineering and provost, encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies. He is credited with nurturing Hewlett-Packard , Varian Associates, and other high-tech firms, until what would become Silicon Valley grew up around the Stanford campus.
Terman is often called "the father of Silicon Valley. Shockley, co-inventor of the transistor, to return to his hometown of Palo Alto. In he established the Shockley Transistor Laboratory. The spark that set off the explosive boom of "Silicon startups" in Stanford Industrial Park was a personal dispute in between employees of Shockley Semiconductor and the company's namesake and founder, Nobel laureate and co-inventor of the transistor William Shockley His employees formed Fairchild Semiconductor immediately following their departure After several years, Fairchild gained its footing, becoming a formidable presence in this sector.
Its founders began to leave to start companies based on their own, latest ideas and were followed on this path by their own former leading employees The process gained momentum and what had once began in a Stanford's research park became a veritable startup avalanche Thus, over the course of just 20 years, a mere eight of Shockley's former employees gave forth 65 new enterprises, which then went on to do the same It would be the first US electron-positron colliding beam storage ring.
Paris explores the competition and cooperation between the two university laboratories and presents diagrams of the proposed facilities, charts detailing location factors, and the parameters of different project proposals between and Several rings were built in Europe during the five years that it took to obtain funding for the project, but the extensive project revisions resulted in a superior design that was quickly constructed and paved the way for Nobel Prizes in for Burton Richter and in for Martin Perl.
Since , Stanford has expanded dramatically. In February , Stanford announced the conclusion of the Stanford Challenge. It enabled the construction of the world's largest facility dedicated exclusively to stem cell research, an entirely new campus for the business school, added dramatically to the law school, a brand-new engineering quad, created a new art and art history building, an on-campus concert hall, a new art museum, and a planned expansion of the medical school, among others.
The ceremony featured remarks by U. Stanford became the first U. Clark Center for interdisciplinary research in engineering and medicine in , named for benefactor, co-founder of Netscape , Silicon Graphics and WebMD, and former professor of electrical engineering James H. The program will be housed at Stanford Medical School. Stanford's reputation, competitive admissions, and strong legacy of entrepreneurship have contributed to the East-West rivalry between Stanford and such institutions as Harvard University , Princeton University and Yale University.
Stanford University is located on an 8,acre 3, ha [ 8 ] campus on the San Francisco Peninsula, in the northwest part of the Santa Clara Valley Silicon Valley approximately 37 miles 60 km southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles 32 km northwest of San Jose. The university also operates at several more remote locations see below. Stanford's main campus is a census-designated place within unincorporated Santa Clara County, although some of the university land including the Stanford Shopping Center and the Stanford Research Park is within the city limits of Palo Alto.
It lies within area code The university campus was listed by MSN as one of the most beautiful college campuses in the world. In the summer of , when the campus was first being planned, Stanford brought the president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT , Francis Amasa Walker, and prominent Boston landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted westward for consultations.
Olmsted worked out the general concept for the campus and its buildings, rejecting a hillside site in favor of the more practical flatlands. Charles Allerton Coolidge then developed this concept in the style of his late mentor, Henry Hobson Richardson, in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, characterized by rectangular stone buildings linked by arcades of half-circle arches. The original campus was also designed in the Spanish-colonial style common to California known as Mission Revival. The red tile roofs and solid sandstone masonry are distinctly Californian in appearance and famously complementary to the bright blue skies common to the region, and most of the subsequently erected buildings have maintained consistent exteriors.
Much of this first construction was destroyed by the San Francisco earthquake, but the university retains the Quad, the old Chemistry Building which is not in use and has been boarded up since the Loma Prieta earthquake , [ 65 ] and Encina Hall the residence of Herbert Hoover, John Steinbeck, and Anthony Kennedy during their times at Stanford.
After the earthquake inflicted further damage, the university implemented a billion-dollar capital improvement plan to retrofit and renovate older buildings for new, up-to-date uses. One of the benefits of being a Stanford faculty member is the "Faculty Ghetto", where faculty members can live within walking or biking distance of campus. The Faculty Ghetto is composed of land owned entirely by Stanford. Similar to a condominium, the houses can be bought and sold but the land under the houses is rented on a year lease.
Houses in the "Ghetto" appreciate and depreciate, but not as rapidly as overall Silicon Valley values. However, it remains an expensive area in which to own property, and the average price of single-family homes on campus is actually higher than in Palo Alto.
Stanford itself enjoys the rapid capital gains of Silicon Valley landowners, although by the terms of its founding the university cannot sell the land. Stanford currently operates or intends to operate in various locations outside of its main campus. The university also has its own golf course and a seasonal lake Lake Lagunita, actually an irrigation reservoir , both home to the vulnerable California Tiger Salamander. Lake Lagunita is often dry now, but the university has no plans to artificially fill it.
In , the university also participated in the bidding for applied science campus in New York City but finally abandoned the project at the end of the year. Stanford University is a tax-exempt corporate trust owned and governed by a privately appointed member Board of Trustees.
The Board appoints a President to serve as the chief executive officer of the university and prescribe the duties of professors and course of study, manage financial and business affairs, and appoint nine vice presidents. Hennessy was appointed the 10th President of the University in October Stanford is the beneficiary of a special clause in the California Constitution, which explicitly exempts Stanford property from taxation so long as the property is used for educational purposes.
Stanford has been the top fundraising university in the United States for several years. Funds supported new fellowships for graduate students, new endowed chairs for faculty, and 38 new or renovated buildings.
Over 10, volunteers helped in raising , gifts from more than , donors. Stanford University is a large, highly residential research university with a majority of enrollments coming from graduate and professional students. The schools of Humanities and Sciences 27 departments , Engineering 9 departments , and Earth Sciences 4 departments have both graduate and undergraduate programs while the schools of Law, Medicine, and Education and the Graduate School of Business have graduate programs only.
Stanford's faculty and former faculty includes 29 Nobel laureates, [ 4 ] as well as 19 recipients 22 if visiting professors and consulting professors included of the Turing Award , the so-called "Nobel Prize in computer science", comprising one third of the awards given in its year history. The university has 27 ACM fellows. As of , Stanford students or alumni have become Rhodes Scholars.
Stanford also houses the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, a major public policy think tank that attracts visiting scholars from around the world, and the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, which is dedicated to the more specific study of international relations.
Unable to locate a copy in any of its libraries, the Soviet Union was obliged to ask the Hoover Institution for a microfilm copy of its original edition of the first issue of Pravda dated March 5, Stanford is home to the John S. Knight Fellowships for Professional Journalist and the Center for Ocean Solutions, which brings together marine science and policy to develop solutions to challenges facing the ocean.
It also houses the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design the "d. The main library in the SU library system is Green Library, which also contains various meeting and conference rooms, study spaces, and reading rooms. Meyer Library, a hour library slated for demolition in , holds various student-accessible media resources and houses one of the largest East Asia collections, whose , volumes are being transported to an interim location while a new library is rebuilt. In , The Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked Stanford 1st in the world for both humanities and social sciences, remarking, "Stanford University knocks Harvard University off the top spot in the arts and humanities subject rankings.
With Pulitzer prizewinners and MacArthur Fellows leading its liberal-arts programme, the relative newcomer founded in has proved more than a match for its illustrious Ivy League rival. In its subject rankings, ARWU placed Stanford 4th in mathematics, 6th in physics, 3rd in chemistry, 1st in computer science, and 6th in economics and business. The U.
News graduate school rankings, Stanford also placed in the top 5 for every discipline in which it was ranked, except industrial engineering, where it placed 6th, and fine arts, where it placed 36th. Within engineering, Stanford placed 1st in aerospace, computer, electrical, environmental, and mechanical engineering; 3rd in civil engineering; and 5th in chemical, material, and bioengineering. News and World Report. Forbes ranked the business school at the top in its "Best Business Schools" list.
From a poll done by The Princeton Review , Stanford is the most commonly named "dream college", both for students and for parents, a title it has held in previous years. Stanford University is home to the Cantor Center for Visual Arts museum with 24 galleries, sculpture gardens, terraces, and a courtyard first established in by Jane and Leland Stanford as a memorial to their only child.
Notably, the Center possesses the largest collection of Rodin works outside of Paris, France. There are also a large number of outdoor art installations throughout the campus, primarily sculptures, but some murals as well.
Stanford has a thriving artistic and musical community. Beyond these, the music department sponsors many ensembles including five choirs, the Stanford Symphony Orchestra , Stanford Taiko, and the Stanford Wind Ensemble.
Stanford's dance community is one of the most vibrant in the country, with an active dance division in the Drama Department and over 30 different dance-related student groups, including the Stanford Band's Dollie dance troupe. Perhaps most distinctive of all is its social and vintage dance community, cultivated by dance historian Richard Powers and enjoyed by hundreds of students and thousands of alumni.
Stanford hosts monthly informal dances called Jammix and large quarterly dance events, including Ragtime Ball fall , the Stanford Viennese Ball winter , and Big Dance spring. Stanford also boasts a student-run swing performance troupe called Swingtime and several alumni performance groups, including Decadance and the Academy of Danse Libre. The creative writing program brings young writers to campus via the Stegner Fellowships and other graduate scholarship programs.
This Boy's Life author Tobias Wolff teaches writing to undergraduates and graduate students. Knight Journalism Fellows are invited to spend a year at the campus taking seminars and courses of their choice. There is also an extracurricular writing and performance group called the Stanford Spoken Word Collective, which also serves as the school's poetry slam team.
Stanford also hosts various publishing courses for professionals. Stanford Professional Publishing Course, which was offered on campus since the late s, brought together international publishing professionals to discuss changing business models in magazine and book publishing.
It ended in , although the tradition has continued at Yale with the Yale Publishing Course that began in Videos from the Stanford Professional Publishing Courses are still made available on their website. Stanford awarded 1, undergraduate degrees, 2, Master's degrees, doctoral degrees, and professional degrees in the school year.
For the class of , Stanford received 36, applications and accepted or 6. Eighty-nine percent of undergraduate students live in on-campus university housing. First-year students are required to live on campus, and all undergraduates are guaranteed housing for all four undergraduate years. Some are for freshmen only; others give priority to sophomores, others to both freshmen and sophomores; some are for upperclass students only, and some are open to all four classes.
Most residences are co-ed; seven are all-male fraternities, three are all-female sororities, and there is also one all-female non-sorority house, Roth House. In most residences, men and women live on the same floor, but a few dorms are configured for men and women to live on separate floors single-gender floors , including all Wilbur dorms except for Arroyo and Okada.
The one-third who requested four-class housing will be located in other dormitories throughout campus, including Florence Moore FloMo.
This was after concerted student pressure, as well as the institution of similar policies at peer institutions such as Wesleyan, Oberlin, Clark , Dartmouth , Brown , and UPenn. Several residences are considered theme houses. Another famous style of housing at Stanford is the co-ops. These houses feature cooperative living, where residents and eating associates each contribute work to keep the house running, such as cooking meals or cleaning shared spaces. At any time, around 50 percent of the graduate population lives on campus.
Now that construction has concluded on the new Munger graduate residence, this percentage has probably increased. First-year graduate students are guaranteed housing. Former campus traditions include the Big Game bonfire on Lake Lagunita a seasonal lake usually dry in the fall , which is now inactive because of the presence of endangered salamanders in the lake bed. Fraternities and sororities have been active on the Stanford campus since , when the University first opened.
In , University President Donald Tresidder banned all Stanford sororities due to extreme competition. In contrast to many universities, nine of the ten housed Greek organizations live in University-owned houses, the exception being Sigma Chi, which owns its own house but not the land on The Row. Six chapters are members of the African American Fraternal and Sororal Association, 11 chapters are members of the Interfraternity Council, 6 chapters belong to the Intersorority Council, and 6 chapters belong to the Multicultural Greek Council.
He studied in the small town of Cazenovia, apprenticed in law in Albany, and went west in to open a law practice in the new state of Wisconsin. Stanford spent seven years in the Badger State, where he married Jane Lathrop in But his business faltered, and after a fire consumed his law office and library, he turned his eyes farther west. In , he migrated to California, where he joined his five brothers. Stanford started off in the ancillary enterprises of the California Gold Rush, keeping a grocery store then a wholesale shop in Placer County.
In , he sent for Jane. That same year, he became one of the four principal investors in the Central Pacific Railroad, which Congress authorized in to build the eastbound section of the first transcontinental railroad. From to , Stanford headed a second railroad, the Southern Pacific Railroad, which later merged with the Central Pacific.
In , he was elected to the U. Political maneuvering made Stanford a very rich man. He participated in the worst practices of the Gilded Age: stock watering, kickbacks, rebates, bribes, collusion, monopoly. There is no acquitting Stanford on this front; his participation in such schemes is amply recorded in his letters.
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